Excess sugar consumption is often the reason for several health conditions such as obesity and heart disease. Refined sugars are known to be fast-digesting carbohydrates, which are converted quickly to fat; whereas, complex carbohydrates digest slowly and provide you with a consistent source of energy. Therefore, it is important that you limit the amount of sugar in your diet. Given below is an effective sugar free diet plan.
Sugar-Free Diet Plan
Include Vegetables
Vegetables are excellent for those who suffer from high blood sugar as they are sugar-free. They possess high amounts of complex carbohydrates and fibre, which are beneficial for health. It is advisable that you cook vegetables at home and avoid purchasing packaged food products as they often contain added sugars.
Vegetables that are sugar-free include spinach, kale, collard greens, tomato, onion, asparagus, broccoli and yam. It is advisable that you include vegetables at every meal as they also contain high amounts of fibre and water, thereby preventing binge eating.
Include Meat and Dairy Products
Meat is considered an excellent food for those who want to reduce the amount of sugar in their diet. This is because meat possesses no refined sugar and provides you with the essential amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals required for good health.
Chicken breast, fish, lean beef and turkey are excellent sources of animal protein that are sugar-free. Dairy products are also sugar-free and good for individuals suffering from diabetes. However, it is important that you purchase only unflavoured dairy products, which do not contain any added sugar.
Best dairy products that do contain refined sugars include yogurt, cottage cheese and milk. You could also add berries or any other fruit to yogurt for added flavour.
Also Read
How To Plan A Sugar Free Diet Popular Diet Programs Advantages of Sugar Free Diet Tips to reduce Sugar intake in your Diet
Include Fruits and Whole Grains
Fruits are one of the best foods for those suffering from high blood sugar as they do not contain any added sugar. Fruits are known to possess complex carbohydrates, which digest very slowly and are good for diabetics. Fruits that do not contain refined sugar include blueberries, grapes, kiwi, raspberries, strawberries, banana, mango and apricots.
You should avoid purchasing packaged fruit juices as they contain high amounts of added sugars. Instead, you should drink fruit juice prepared at home by juicing the whole fruit itself. Whole grains are also considered sugar-free and contain high amounts of complex carbohydrates.
In addition to complex carbohydrates, whole grains also possess good amounts of fibre, which help in digestion. Sugar-free whole grains include oats, bran, wheat, brown rice and millet.
Include Legumes
Legumes are considered excellent for those on a sugar-free diet. This is due to the fact that legumes possess negligible amounts of refined sugar. In addition to that, they contain high amounts of complex carbohydrates and fibre, which help in regulating the levels of blood sugar and promoting smooth digestion.
Common examples of sugar-free legumes include lima beans, pinto beans, black-eyed peas, chickpeas and kidney beans. If you experience bloating because of eating legumes, you should soak boiled beans in cold water for a few seconds and drop them in hot water for a few seconds.
Effective Sugar-Free Diet Plan For Health, 5.0 out of 5 based on 1 rating
BOSTON (Reuters) - Citigroup fired top Internet analyst Mark Mahaney and paid a $2 million (1.24 million pounds) fine to a Massachusetts regulator to settle charges that the bank improperly disclosed research on Facebook's IPO and information on other tech companies.
William Galvin, Massachusetts's top securities regulator, is also probing other Wall Street banks involved in FaceBook Inc's initial public offering, including lead underwriter Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase .
The ouster of Mahaney, a blow to Citi's technology business, came after Galvin's office charged Citigroup Global Markets Inc with breaking state securities laws governing disclosure of broker research. The bank said it also dismissed a junior analyst Mahaney had supervised.
The complaint contends the unidentified junior analyst sent some of Citi's confidential views on investment risks and revenue estimates for Facebook to two employees at TechCrunch.com, a technology-focused media company, three weeks before Facebook went public on May 18.
Mahaney failed to supervise this junior analyst, according to the Massachusetts complaint. It said Mahaney also had improperly passed on his views about Google Inc to a reporter at Capital Magazine, a French publication.
Citi said it was pleased that the matter with Massachusetts has been resolved. The bank added, it takes its "internal policies and procedures very seriously and have taken the appropriate action."
Citi was one of the underwriters for the $16 billion Facebook IPO, the biggest ever for a U.S. technology company.
Morgan Stanley's role in the IPO long has been controversial because of how poorly the stock has performed and for the firm's own handling of non-public information prior to the listing.
In the complaint, Galvin said Citi's analysts broke securities laws prohibiting them from sending "written research or other written content" until 40 days after Facebook's IPO.
But it was not the first time Mahaney, one of the most respected internet analysts on Wall Street, got into trouble with his bosses for sharing information with journalists, the Massachusetts complaint shows.
On April 11, the bank's Director of Research, Americas sent Mahaney a "letter of education" noting that he broke the bank's rules about speaking with journalists and sticking to published research.
The letter said Mahaney had violated the bank's Public Appearance Policy when he spoke with Bloomberg and the New York Times. To Bloomberg, he "offered comments on a company that he does not cover and which he did not receive legal approval to discuss" in February, the complaint says. And in March he failed to get permission to speak with the Times, the complaint added.
Only weeks after receiving that letter, the civil complaint said Mahaney again broke the bank's rules when he gave the Capital journalist information about Google's YouTube revenue estimates and profitability that had not been reported.
FACEBOOK DEBACLE
After Facebook's debut, word started dripping out in the market that big investors may have been given a heads up about problems with the social media company's revenue lines.
Smaller investors were outraged to learn that Morgan Stanley had arranged conference calls for large investors prior to the IPO to tell them the underwriters were scaling back their revenue forecasts for Facebook.
So far, there has been no regulatory action against Morgan Stanely or any of its analysts.
"This is about not having two sets of rules one for preferred clients and one for everyone else," Galvin said, noting the Citi case was completed first because his office was able to obtain emails showing how the analysts broke the rules.
What may distinguish the situation with Citi from that of Morgan Stanley is that Mahaney's alleged communications with the media violated the firm's own internal procedures.
James Fanto, a professor at Brooklyn Law School in New York and an authority on broker-dealer regulation, said analysts with underwriting firms are "not supposed to give out research and views." He said the Citi case may have been easier to prove given the trail of emails. Galvin "had a roadmap," Fanto said.
Meanwhile, Facebook's shares this week had their best trading day ever after strong quarterly results. Mahaney had recently upgraded the stock to buy from neutral.
Mahaney has consistently received high marks in surveys of institutional investors. He came to Citi in 2005 from Galleon Group, the hedge fund led by Raj Rajaratnam, who was arrested in 2009 and later convicted in one of the biggest insider trading crack-downs in U.S. history.
With various regulators looking at the Facebook listing, Galvin is the first to come out with a fine, albeit a small one.
He has long had a reputation of being an aggressive regulator who has filed suit against Wall Street's top banks for securities law violations. But some have criticized him from often settling high-profile cases for small sums.
(Reporting by Svea Herbst-Bayliss; Additional reporting by Suzanne Barlyn and David Henry in New York; Editing by Gerald E. McCormick, Jennifer Merritt, Dan Grebler and David Gregorio)
ScienceDaily (Oct. 25, 2012) ? Evolution, often perceived as a series of random changes, might in fact be driven by a simple and repeated genetic solution to an environmental pressure that a broad range of species happen to share, according to new research.
Princeton University research published in the journal Science suggests that knowledge of a species' genes -- and how certain external conditions affect the proteins encoded by those genes -- could be used to determine a predictable evolutionary pattern driven by outside factors. Scientists could then pinpoint how the diversity of adaptations seen in the natural world developed even in distantly related animals.
"Is evolution predictable? To a surprising extent the answer is yes," said senior researcher Peter Andolfatto, an assistant professor in Princeton's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics. He worked with lead author and postdoctoral research associate Ying Zhen, and graduate students Matthew Aardema and Molly Schumer, all from Princeton's ecology and evolutionary biology department, as well as Edgar Medina, a biological sciences graduate student at the University of the Andes in Colombia.
The researchers carried out a survey of DNA sequences from 29 distantly related insect species, the largest sample of organisms yet examined for a single evolutionary trait. Fourteen of these species have evolved a nearly identical characteristic due to one external influence -- they feed on plants that produce cardenolides, a class of steroid-like cardiotoxins that are a natural defense for plants such as milkweed and dogbane.
Though separated by 300 million years of evolution, these diverse insects -- which include beetles, butterflies and aphids -- experienced changes to a key protein called sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, or the sodium-potassium pump, which regulates a cell's crucial sodium-to-potassium ratio. The protein in these insects eventually evolved a resistance to cardenolides, which usually cripple the protein's ability to "pump" potassium into cells and excess sodium out.
Andolfatto and his co-authors first sequenced and assembled all the expressed genes in the studied species. They used these sequences to predict how the sodium-potassium pump would be encoded in each of the species' genes based on cardenolide exposure.
Scientists using similar techniques could trace protein changes in a species' DNA to understand how many diverse organisms evolved as a result of environmental factors, Andolfatto said. "To apply this approach more generally a scientist would have to know something about the genetic underpinnings of a trait and investigate how that trait evolves in large groups of species facing a common evolutionary problem," Andolfatto said.
"For instance, the sodium-potassium pump also is a candidate gene location related to salinity tolerance," he said. "Looking at changes to this protein in the right organisms could reveal how organisms have or may respond to the increasing salinization of oceans and freshwater habitats."
Jianzhi Zhang, a University of Michigan professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, said that the Princeton-based study shows that certain traits have a limited number of molecular mechanisms, and that numerous, distinct species can share the few mechanisms there are. As a result, it is likely that a cross-section of certain organisms can provide insight into the development of other creatures, he said.
"The finding of parallel evolution in not two, but numerous herbivorous insects increases the significance of the study because such frequent parallelism is extremely unlikely to have happened simply by chance," said Zhang, who is familiar with the study but had no role in it.
"It shows that a common molecular mechanism is used by many different insects to defend themselves against the toxins in their food, suggesting that perhaps the number of potential mechanisms for achieving this goal is very limited," he said. "That many different insects independently evolved the same molecular tricks to defend themselves against the same toxin suggests that studying a small number of well-chosen model organisms can teach us a lot about other species. Yes, evolution is predictable to a certain degree."
Andolfatto and his co-authors examined the sodium-potassium pump protein because of its well-known sensitivity to cardenolides. In order to function properly in a wide variety of physiological contexts, cells must be able to control levels of potassium and sodium. Situated on the cell membrane, the protein generates a desired potassium to sodium ratio by "pumping" three sodium atoms out of the cell for every two potassium atoms it brings in.
Cardenolides disrupt the exchange of potassium and sodium, essentially shutting down the protein, Andolfatto said. The human genome contains four copies of the pump protein, and it is a candidate gene for a number of human genetic disorders, including salt-sensitive hypertension and migraines. In addition, humans have long used low doses of cardenolides medicinally for purposes such as controlling heart arrhythmia and congestive heart failure.
The Princeton researchers used the DNA microarray facility in the University's Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics to sequence the expression of the sodium-potassium pump protein in insect species spanning three orders: butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera); beetles and weevils (Coleoptera); and aphids, bed bugs, milkweed bugs and other sucking insects (Hemiptera).
The researchers found that the genes of cardenolide-resistant insects incorporated various mutations that allowed it to resist the toxin. During the evolutionary timeframe examined, the sodium-potassium pump of insects feeding on dogbane and milkweed underwent 33 mutations at sites known to affect sensitivity to cardenolides. These mutations often involved similar or identical amino-acid changes that reduced susceptibility to the toxin. On the other hand, the sodium-potassium pump mutated just once in insects that do not feed on these plants.
Significantly, the researchers found that multiple gene duplications occurred in the ancestors of several of the resistant species. These insects essentially wound up with one conventional sodium-potassium pump protein and one "experimental" version, Andolfatto said. In these insects, the newer, hardier versions of the sodium-potassium pump are mostly expressed in gut tissue where they are likely needed most.
"These gene duplications are an elegant solution to the problem of adapting to environmental changes," Andolfatto said. "In species with these duplicates, the organism is free to experiment with one copy while keeping the other constant, avoiding the risk that the new version of the protein will not perform its primary job as well."
The researchers' findings unify the generally separate ideas of what predominately drives genetic evolution: protein evolution, the evolution of the elements that control protein expression or gene duplication. This study shows that all three mechanisms can be used to solve the same evolutionary problem, Andolfatto said.
Central to the work is the breadth of species the researchers were able to examine using modern gene sequencing equipment, Andolfatto said.
"Historically, studying genetic evolution at this level has been conducted on just a handful of 'model' organisms such as fruit flies," Andolfatto said. "Modern sequencing methods allowed us to approach evolutionary questions in a different way and come up with more comprehensive answers than had we examined one trait in any one organism.
"The power of what we've done is to survey diverse organisms facing a similar problem and find striking evidence for a limited number of possible solutions," he said. "The fact that many of these solutions are used over and over again by completely unrelated species suggests that the evolutionary path is repeatable and predictable."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Princeton University. The original article was written by Morgan Kelly.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Y. Zhen, M. L. Aardema, E. M. Medina, M. Schumer, P. Andolfatto. Parallel Molecular Evolution in an Herbivore Community. Science, 2012; 337 (6102): 1634 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226630
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Leaner Navy looking at future technology, fleet size and sequestrationPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Peter Vietti onrcsc@onr.navy.mil 703-696-5031 Office of Naval Research
ARLINGTON, Va.-- Adm. Mark Ferguson, vice chief of naval operations, headlined the opening of the ONR (Office of Naval Research) Naval S&T (science and technology) Partnership Conference and ASNE Expo on Oct. 22, and highlighted the importance of innovative S&T programs being developed by the Navy. He also offered a revealing look at the potential future for the Navy if sequestration, or automatic defense cuts, goes into effect in January.
Speaking to a capacity crowd as keynote speaker, Ferguson said the Navy is already working hard to do more across the globe-with less resources.
"The implications of trying to absorb a 9.4 percent cut on top of the significant reductions we've already done in fiscal year 2013 budgets, will have a very significant impact on the workforce, on the research and development (R&D) accountson everything," said Ferguson.
Ferguson's wide-ranging talk addressed an array of topics relating to ONR's pioneering work in S&T research. The vice chief applauded ONR-led efforts to improve warfighter capabilities in programs such as the Electromagnetic Railgun, ballistic missile defense, cyber defense and more.
These kinds of technologies, he said, are "game-changers." And in spite of current fiscal austerity, he stressed that the Department of Navy's leadership recognizes the importance of S&T research for the future of the service.
"We're going to be smaller as we go forward," he said, regardless of whatever decisions are made on sequestration. "We're going to be leaner. But in the same breath we have to be technologically advanced. We have to make sure that we put the best technology we have into the hands of our warfighters.
"That's our promise to future generations."
Without some sort of adjustment by Congress, currently the subject of discussion on Capitol Hill, the nearly 10 percent across-the-board Department of Defense budget cuts are slated to commence in 2013 and continue for 10 years.
The admiral stated he is personally hopeful lawmakers will moderate the cuts before they kick in, but noted that if no adjustments are made, the long-term as well as immediate effect on the Navy will be heavy.
"If you project out 10 years--remember the budget control act talks about 10 years of reductions--now you start talking about a fleet reduced to about 230-235 ships," he said. "Now you start talking about reduction of manpower commensurate with that. Now you start talking about the reduction of money going to warfare centers, to R&D efforts."
Ferguson's talk also emphasized the Navy's commitment to promoting programs aimed at getting young people involved in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers.
He said he will chair a committee to bring together industry, academic and service leaders to coordinate STEM support.
The S&T conference is a biennial event bringing together top military, scientific, industry and academic experts in matters related to science and technology and defense. More than 1,500 attendees registered for the event.
###
ONR provides the science and technology necessary to maintain the Navy and Marine Corps' technological advantage. Through its affiliates, ONR is a leader in science and technology with engagement in 50 states, 70 countries, 1,035 institutions of higher learning and 914 industry partners. ONR employs approximately 1,400 people, comprising uniformed, civilian and contract personnel, with additional employees at the Naval Research Lab in Washington, D.C.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Leaner Navy looking at future technology, fleet size and sequestrationPublic release date: 24-Oct-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Peter Vietti onrcsc@onr.navy.mil 703-696-5031 Office of Naval Research
ARLINGTON, Va.-- Adm. Mark Ferguson, vice chief of naval operations, headlined the opening of the ONR (Office of Naval Research) Naval S&T (science and technology) Partnership Conference and ASNE Expo on Oct. 22, and highlighted the importance of innovative S&T programs being developed by the Navy. He also offered a revealing look at the potential future for the Navy if sequestration, or automatic defense cuts, goes into effect in January.
Speaking to a capacity crowd as keynote speaker, Ferguson said the Navy is already working hard to do more across the globe-with less resources.
"The implications of trying to absorb a 9.4 percent cut on top of the significant reductions we've already done in fiscal year 2013 budgets, will have a very significant impact on the workforce, on the research and development (R&D) accountson everything," said Ferguson.
Ferguson's wide-ranging talk addressed an array of topics relating to ONR's pioneering work in S&T research. The vice chief applauded ONR-led efforts to improve warfighter capabilities in programs such as the Electromagnetic Railgun, ballistic missile defense, cyber defense and more.
These kinds of technologies, he said, are "game-changers." And in spite of current fiscal austerity, he stressed that the Department of Navy's leadership recognizes the importance of S&T research for the future of the service.
"We're going to be smaller as we go forward," he said, regardless of whatever decisions are made on sequestration. "We're going to be leaner. But in the same breath we have to be technologically advanced. We have to make sure that we put the best technology we have into the hands of our warfighters.
"That's our promise to future generations."
Without some sort of adjustment by Congress, currently the subject of discussion on Capitol Hill, the nearly 10 percent across-the-board Department of Defense budget cuts are slated to commence in 2013 and continue for 10 years.
The admiral stated he is personally hopeful lawmakers will moderate the cuts before they kick in, but noted that if no adjustments are made, the long-term as well as immediate effect on the Navy will be heavy.
"If you project out 10 years--remember the budget control act talks about 10 years of reductions--now you start talking about a fleet reduced to about 230-235 ships," he said. "Now you start talking about reduction of manpower commensurate with that. Now you start talking about the reduction of money going to warfare centers, to R&D efforts."
Ferguson's talk also emphasized the Navy's commitment to promoting programs aimed at getting young people involved in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers.
He said he will chair a committee to bring together industry, academic and service leaders to coordinate STEM support.
The S&T conference is a biennial event bringing together top military, scientific, industry and academic experts in matters related to science and technology and defense. More than 1,500 attendees registered for the event.
###
ONR provides the science and technology necessary to maintain the Navy and Marine Corps' technological advantage. Through its affiliates, ONR is a leader in science and technology with engagement in 50 states, 70 countries, 1,035 institutions of higher learning and 914 industry partners. ONR employs approximately 1,400 people, comprising uniformed, civilian and contract personnel, with additional employees at the Naval Research Lab in Washington, D.C.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Hours after announcing updates to iBooks and iBooks Author at Tuesday's iPad mini event, Apple has released iBooks 3 through the App Store and iBooks Author 2 through the Mac App Store.
iBooks 3 changes include:
The ability to see all iBookstore purchases in iCloud in iOS 6
Endless scrolling
Receive free updates to purchased books, including new chapters, corrections and other improvements
Look up definitions in German, Spanish, French, Japanese and Simplified Chinese in i)S6
Share book excerpts through Facebook, Twitter, Messages or Mail
iBooks Author 2 changes include:
The ability to create portrait-only books
Embed custom fonts into books
Additional interactivity with new scrolling sidebar and pop-over widgets
Support for mathematical expressions with equation editing using LaTeX and MathML notation
Automatic media optimization for iPad
Improved support for embedded audio
Improved publishing workflow, including automatic book samples and pre-publish checking
EAST HARTFORD, Conn. ? It?s very tempting to discuss how big a role the field played in Tuesday?s 2-2 draw between the United States women?s soccer team and Germany. The slick turf at Rentschler Field directly led to Germany?s first goal in the 48th minute and it nearly re-gifted the favor to Abby Wambach 11 minutes later when a through ball skipped through to put her one-on-one with German goalkeeper Nadine Angerer, but Wambach didn?t fool Angerer on the chip.
Alright, enough about the field. Even the result ? a 2-2 draw, which follows Saturday?s 1-1 draw ? is less important than what we saw play out between 18-yard boxes.
The United States looked far more comfortable on the ball on Tuesday and that is directly attributable to the team keeping the ball higher up the field. Germany sat in on Saturday and forced U.S. defenders to play out of the back, which is not a strength of this squad. That led to an opening 45 minutes that went just as planned on Saturday: long balls from the U.S. that the Germans gobbled up and turned the other way.
Tuesday, however, saw Megan Rapinoe and Shannon Boxx, in particular, find the ball far more often, in more advanced and dangerous positions.
(MORE: Highlights of Tuesday?s 2-2 draw? |? Gulati talks future of U.S. women?s soccer)
Becky Sauerbrunn?s insertion into the starting XI at center back in place of Rachel Buehler played a role in calming down the back line, which played better than the 2-2 score suggests.
Germany forward Dzsenifer Marozsan scored her first goal in the 48th minute on rain-induced mistake by Christie Rampone and Marozsan scored her second equalizer in the 85th minute on a left-footed upper-90 strike which Solo could do nothing about.
Both U.S. goals ? Wambach?s in the 44th minute and Tobin Heath?s in the 67th minute ? came from well-worked combinations in which Alex Morgan earned the assist.
So what do the U.S. women take from this match?
?The takeaway for me is that when we are played in and we?re fit, we?re a better team, obviously,? Wambach said. ?And that?s good news because that?s on the horizon for us.?
That reliance on fitness and physical play isn?t anything new ? it?s always been a staple of the U.S. and there is no reason to think that it will change soon (and as I noted in an earlier post, why fix what isn?t broken?).
But speaking of physical play, we did see yet another element of Morgan?s game come out in these two matches against Germany.
She is blazing fast, but we knew that from the start of her emergence with the national team. Then she started scoring late game-winning and game-tying goals before quickly establishing herself as a starter following the 2011 World Cup. This year her progression has been as a playmaker ? those two assists give her 18 this calendar year.
Morgan, however, has only recently added a physical element to her game. She is going to need to be as defenses around the world try to chip away at her and get under her skin. Germany did that from the opening whistle on Tuesday and Morgan was ready to push back straight from the start.
?You have to expect the physicality that the Germans bring to this game,? Morgan said. ?We?ve played them and now we know that if you take too many touches on the ball, they are going to tackle you, they are going to put some pressure on you, they are going to put a body on you.?
So, as we?ve alluded to previously, the feelings over these two draws is pretty mixed given the transitional nature of this squad. Two draws against world No. 2 Germany are nothing to scoff at (17-4-6 against Germany all-time), but interim coach Jill Ellis will now hand over the keys to the U.S. to Pia Sundhage?s permanent replacement. What comes once that change happens is anyone?s guess.
As Christie Rampone said postgame, the U.S. didn?t want to lose. Though that?s not quite the mentality you would expect from the No. 1 team in the world.
ScienceDaily (Oct. 22, 2012) ? Scientists have long believed that glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor, begins in glial cells that make up supportive tissue in the brain or in neural stem cells. In a paper published October 17 in Science, however, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have found that the tumors can originate from other types of differentiated cells in the nervous system, including cortical neurons.
GBM is one of the most devastating brain tumors that can affect humans. Despite progress in genetic analysis and classification, the prognosis of these tumors remains poor, with most patients dying within one to two years of diagnosis. The Salk researcher's findings offer an explanation for the recurrence of GBM following treatment and suggest potential new targets to treat these deadly brain tumors.
"One of the reasons for the lack of clinical advances in GBMs has been the insufficient understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which these tumors originate and progress," says Inder Verma, a professor in Salk's Laboratory of Genetics and the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Chair in Exemplary Life Science.
To better understand this process, Verma's team harnessed the power of modified viruses, called lentiviruses, to disable powerful tumor suppressor genes that regulate the growth of cells and inhibit the development of tumors. With these tumor suppressors deactivated, cancerous cells are given free rein to grow out of control.
To do that, Verma and his colleagues attached small RNA molecules, known as short hairpin RNAs, to the modified viruses and injected them directly into very few cells in the brains of genetically engineered mice that express an enzyme known as CRE specifically in neurons, astrocytes or neural stem cells. The modified viruses target two genes -- -neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and p53 -- -that, when mutated, are implicated in severe gliomas like GBM. Using sophisticated analytical techniques, they discovered that neurons genetically converted by the lentiviruses that also produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker to track the progression of tumors are capable of forming malignant gliomas.
Because the origin of glioblastomas from neurons has not been previously reported, the Salk scientists provided further evidence that mature neurons can be transformed by these oncogenes by isolating cortical neurons from genetically engineered mice and transducing them with one of the lentiviruses. The neurons that were transplanted back into the mice developed the same tumors as the ones in the laboratory.
"Our findings," says lead author Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski, a postdoctoral researcher in the Laboratory of Genetics, "suggest that, when two critical genes -- -NF-1 and p53 -- -are disabled, mature, differentiated cells acquire the capacity to reprogram [dedifferentiate] to a neuroprogenitor cell-like state, which can not only maintain their plasticity, but also give rise to the variety of cells observed in malignant gliomas."
If scientists can block the process of dedifferentiation or proliferation of dedifferentiated neuroprogenitor cells, they may be able to stop tumor progression. That's important in an aggressive disease like GBM because of its high rate of recurrence.
"Our results offer an explanation of recurrence of gliomas following treatment," says Verma, "because any tumor cell that is not eradicated can continue to proliferate and induce tumor formation, thereby perpetuating the cycle of continuous cell replication to form malignant gliomas."
The scientists say the tumors in their mouse model are similar to GBMs that affect humans. Because they have the same pathology and characteristic genetic signature, scientists can study potential therapies in mice that should, theoretically, work in humans. While they may not eradicate GBM, these therapies may slow the progression of the disease and improve patients' quality of life.
Other researchers on the study were Eugene Ke, Yasushi Soda, Tomotoshi Marumoto and Oded Singer of the Salk Institute; and Eric Bushong and Mark Ellisman of the University of California, San Diego.
The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Ipsen/Biomeasure, the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the H.N. and Frances C. Berger Foundation, and the National Center for Research Resources.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Salk Institute for Biological Studies, via Newswise.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
D. Friedmann-Morvinski, E. A. Bushong, E. Ke, Y. Soda, T. Marumoto, O. Singer, M. H. Ellisman, I. M. Verma. Dedifferentiation of Neurons and Astrocytes by Oncogenes Can Induce Gliomas in Mice. Science, 2012; DOI: 10.1126/science.1226929
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
It hasn't been too long since Google Wallet was updated to allow use of all types of credit/debit cards, and become far more secure. Even so, it looks like Google may be getting ready to overhaul the service, and bring it to competing platforms. The website for Google Wallet is teasing a new version of the app, and there is something interesting in the website.
The interesting thing is that, the new version is requiring an invitation. Google often uses the invite request to gauge consumer interest in a new product, or an overhaul to an existing product, but what's interesting here is that Google is opening the invitation request to anyone, not just users that are currently deemed Google Wallet-ready. When you go to request an invite, you'll see that Google asks what kind of device you have: Android, iOS, or Other.?
Of course, there are no currently Wallet-ready devices outside of the Android ecosystem. Part of the reason for this is because Wallet currently requires NFC, which is available in some, but not all BlackBerry and Symbian devices, and doesn't exist in the iPhone, iPad, or Windows Phone devices (although it will be part of the upcoming WP8.) This seems to point to an overhaul of Google's Wallet system that could mean that NFC will no longer be a requirement.?
The new cloud Wallet?
If that is true, it could be interesting to see the direction that Google takes with Wallet. It could be that Google is going to go for a different kind of scanning interaction, like the barcode scanning payments done by LevelUp, but it seems far more likely that Google goes completely to the cloud for the Wallet reboot. This would take the Wallet app more towards mobile payment offerings like that of Square or PayPal.?
The trouble is that both options requires partnerships with businesses, either with installing a barcode scanner, or integrating software into their systems. The software route is likely the fastest though, which is why we expect Google would go this route. Google has tried pushing Android manufacturers to add NFC to devices, but manufacturers have been slow with installing NFC in devices. This could be due to the added cost, or it could be because manufacturers don't believe the NFC infrastructure has been built up in business enough. Google Wallet is available at a number of big pharmacy and convenience store chains, as well as McDonald's and more, but there are still a huge number of stores that don't have it.
Of course, this isn't the fault of the businesses themselves, but rather with the various banks/credit cards that control the card scanners in stores. With a true cloud option similar to that from Square, Google could circumvent the need for new hardware to be installed, which could greatly speed up the growth of the platform.?
If this is the way Google goes with Wallet, it will certainly be used by many to point to some sort of "failure" of NFC, but that won't really be accurate. Any technology requires an infrastructure to flourish. NFC has a great infrastructure in some regions, like Japan, but there are many regions, especially the US where NFC capabilities haven't been adopted in many businesses. NFC still has a great amount of use for not just mobile payments, but access passes, like public transportation passes, etc. But, that may not be moving fast enough for Google, and we're waiting to see what exactly is in the "new" Google Wallet, and more importantly, what isn't in it.?
To request an invite to the "new version" of Google Wallet, just head to the source.
The decision to not have a double mastectomy more than 20 years ago may have saved the lives of Nancy Overcash?s children.
Overcash, of Mooresville, was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1991 and underwent a single mastectomy, followed by chemotherapy and reconstructive surgery. At the time, her doctor didn?t recommend a double mastectomy since no cancer was detected in her other breast.
But after running tests again last April, doctors did find a lump. But that alerted the family to an even more worrisome situation ? the existence of a mutant hereditary gene, which is linked to greatly increased chances of breast and ovarian cancer.
?I had a pain in my breast that started last year and just kept getting worse and worse,? said Overcash. ?Nothing was detected in my self-exams or by a doctor, and all four mammograms I had came back clear. They couldn?t see anything but the pain kept getting worse. Finally, my oncologist felt I needed an ultrasound and sure enough, there was a lump attached to my chest wall.?
Because of Overcash?s history with breast cancer, she was immediately given an MRI and a biopsy, which confirmed that she had breast cancer.
?I was told I needed chemotherapy to shrink the tumor before they could do surgery because of its size,? she said, and added that the tumor was the size of a large grape. ?I also found out that this type of cancer is more aggressive and is likely to spread. I had 21 lymph nodes taken out, a CAT scan and a bone scan, and they all came back clear, which was a relief.?
However, doctors told Overcash that she should go in for genetic testing to check for to check for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. According to www.cancer.gov, a woman?s lifetime risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer is greatly increased if she inherits a harmful mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.
?Such a woman has an increased risk of developing breast and/or ovarian cancer at an early age (before menopause) and often has multiple, close family members who have been diagnosed with these diseases,? said the site. ?Harmful BRCA1 mutations may also increase a woman?s risk of developing cervical , uterine, pancreatic, and colon cancer and harmful BRCA2 mutations may additionally increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, gallbladder and bile duct cancer, and melanoma.?
Overcash was discovered to have a BRCA2 mutation and immediately called her daughters, sisters and nieces to have them get tested. Daughters Alana Morton, 38, and Holly Herring, 33, tested positively for the mutated gene, and Kaylee Overcash, 24, is awaiting her test results.
With the mutation, the chances of getting breast cancer increase dramatically -- up to 80 percent -- and the risk of ovarian cancer, which is difficult to detect until it is advanced, also rises sharply.
?The gene mutation is passed down through family members and if you don?t have it, you can?t pass it,? said Overcash. ?I?ve had relatives on both my mother and father?s sides that have passed from breast and ovarian cancer, so it could be either of my parents that gave it to me.?
Preventative treatment for the gene mutation can include increased surveillance (meaning mammograms and MRIs once a year and pap smears, ultrasounds and blood work every six months), chemoprevention (taking the drug tamoxifen for decreased chances of breast cancer), taking oral contraceptives for decreased risk in ovarian cancer (which is not recommended at the same time as chemoprevention) and prophylactic surgery, or a double mastectomy.
After learning she was positive for the gene mutation, Herring, a hospice and palliative care nurse in Florida with three young boys, immediately made an appointment for a double mastectomy.
?In my mind, even before the results were back, I had already prepared that it was more than likely that I had the gene, so I researched my options,? she said. ?I?m not saying what I chose to do is for everyone, but you have to do what you feel is appropriate for you and your family.
?I didn?t want to go through what my mother went through when she was 37, and as a palliative care nurse I see what chemo does to people. I have three kids and I have to think about being there for them. I won?t die without my breasts, but I could die if I keep them.?
For Herring, it has been five weeks since surgery, and she says she is healing beautifully. She is currently undergoing reconstructive surgery.
Her sister, Alana, said she wasn?t looking forward to it, but chose the same option for similar reasons. She plans to have surgery next year.
?I have small children and in my opinion, it would be irresponsible not to prevent something like cancer when I have that option,? Morton said. ?I feel like I need to be proactive. Unfortunately, when my girls get older, they?re going to have to be tested and if they?re positive, they?ll have tough decisions to face as well.
?At least we all know that it?s a possibility and by the time they get old enough to worry about it, medicine will have advanced and they might have new options.?
Some family members have said they feel what the girls are doing is ?drastic? as they don?t have cancer yet, but Herring disagrees.
?The odds are stacked against me,? said Herring. ?Screenings just let you know that you have cancer earlier; it doesn?t prevent the cancer from happening. I want to live a long, healthy life and be the best mom I can be. With our family history and learning about this gene, I don?t want to risk it.?
Overcash underwent her second mastectomy on Oct. 19 and is unsure of whether she needs radiation just yet. She said at first, she was upset knowing had she underwent a double mastectomy, she would have avoided having cancer a second time, but then realized it was ?a blessing in disguise.?
?Without having cancer again, I would have never known about the gene and couldn?t have had my daughters tested,? she said. ?They might have ended up with the same fate as me.?
For anyone with a significant family history of breast and ovarian cancer, Overcash highly recommended having the gene testing.
?If you know that you have lost loved ones to breast or ovarian cancer, it?s best to know for sure and get the testing,? she said. ?If you don?t, I feel like it?s playing Russian Roulette or waiting on a ticking time bomb. You can be young or old and get cancer with this gene; I?ll tell you that at any age, you don?t want it.?
A swirl of thunderstorms in the Caribbean, which is a notorious breeding ground for October hurricanes, is expected to coalesce into Tropical Storm Sandy and possibly intensify to hurricane strength as it moves toward Jamaica, eastern Cuba, and the Bahamas by Wednesday and Thursday. But it's what could happen after that that has some weather forecasters pondering some rather bizarre scenarios ? think if a hurricane and nor'easter mated, possibly spawning a very rare and powerful hybrid storm, slamming into the Boston-to-Washington corridor early next week, with rain, snow, damaging winds, and potential storm surge flooding.
Several computer model runs have shown a slingshot scenario, in which Tropical Storm (or hurricane) Sandy initially moves out to sea east of North Carolina, but is captured by the jet stream and flung northwestward into the Mid-Atlantic or Northeast.
A key issue that weather forecasters are wrestling with is how Sandy will interact with a deep dip in the jet stream that will be transporting much colder air into the Midwest and East during the last few days of October. According to the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), deciphering the interaction between these weather systems at this point "is dicey at best." (That may even be an understatement.) On Sunday, the same center described the potential impacts from a major Northeast storm as "impressive."
October is known for its weird, powerful storms, such as "The Perfect Storm" in 1991, which also involved energy from a tropical weather system, and "Snowtober," which buried the Northeast under 2 feet or more of snow just last year.
Forecasters are cautiously making the public aware of the possibility of a major East Coast storm around October 29. Given the considerable uncertainties involved in long-range forecasting, especially concerning tropical storms that are still in the formative stages, it will take a few more days before meteorologists can be more confident in their predictions.
According to Eric Holthaus, a meteorologist for the Wall Street Journal, if the East Coast storm were to occur, it could be one for the record books.
"What could happen is quite complicated, and may have precedence only a handful of times across the more than 200 years of detailed historical local weather recordkeeping (Big storms in 1804, 1841, 1991, and 2007 come immediately to mind)," Holthaus wrote in a blog post on Monday.
"I?d give the chances of some level of impacts from this storm in Greater New York this weekend at about 1-in-5. That could quickly change (up or down) as the models gather new data from the Hurricane Hunters, whose first flight into the storm will be Monday afternoon. What seems clear is that the large-scale pattern is favorable for steering whatever forms northwestward once it reaches the Atlantic, and as you all know, there?s a lot of land and a lot of people in that direction."
Brian McNoldy, a hurricane researcher and tropical forecaster for the Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang blog, also discussed the ultimate fate of the nascent tropical storm in a blog post on Monday. He pointed out that many computer model runs are not simulating the Northeast storm scenario, but that because of its potential impacts, it needs to be watched closely.
"The entire U.S. East Coast from Florida to Maine should at least be casually aware of this storm scenario, especially those who are immediately on the coastline. Always keep in mind that storm conditions may extend hundreds of miles away from the centerline of the track, and dangerous surf and coastal flooding/erosion are possible with the majority of these tracks," he said.
What forecasters know with much more confidence, though, is that Jamaica may be in store for a damaging storm during the next few days, with strong winds and flooding rains spreading to eastern Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas.
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ScienceDaily (Oct. 21, 2012) ? Adolescent athletes who slept eight or more hours each night were 68 percent less likely to be injured than athletes who regularly slept less, according to an abstract presented Oct. 21, at the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) National Conference and Exhibition in New Orleans.
For the abstract, "Lack of Sleep is Associated with Increased Risk of Injury in Adolescent Athletes," researchers asked middle and high school athletes (grades 7 to 12) enrolled at the Harvard-Westlake School in Studio City, Calif., to answer questions about the number of sports they played and the time they committed to athletics (at school and through other programs), whether they used a private coach, whether they participated in strength training, how much sleep they got on average each night, and how much they subjectively enjoyed their athletic participation. Seventy percent of the student athletes (112 out of 160 students; 54 males and 58 females; mean age 15) completed the survey, conducted in conjunction with Children's Hospital Los Angeles. Researchers then reviewed those students' school records pertaining to reported athletic injuries.
Hours of sleep per night was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of injury, according to the study results. In addition, the higher the grade level of the athlete, the greater the likelihood of injury -- 2.3 times greater for each additional grade in school. Gender, weeks of participating in sports per year, hours of participation per week, number of sports, strength training, private coaching and subjective assessments of "having fun in sports" were not significantly associated with injury.
"While other studies have shown that lack of sleep can affect cognitive skills and fine motor skills, nobody has really looked at this subject in terms of the adolescent athletic population," said study author Matthew Milewski, MD.
"When we started this study, we thought the amount of sports played, year-round play, and increased specialization in sports would be much more important for injury risk," said Dr. Milewski. Instead, "what we found is that the two most important facts were hours of sleep and grade in school."
The advanced age risk may reflect a cumulative risk for injury after playing three or four years at the high school level, Milewski said, and older athletes are bigger, faster and stronger.
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The first thing I do with a review phone after I'm finished writing the review is to try to root it. Tonight was that night with the Sprint Optimus G, and it went rather well.
After a bit of Google Translate, I found the root method for the Korean Optimus G and had to try. It's based (either in whole or in part -- I don't read Vietnamese) on the Ice Cream Sandwich and Jelly Bean adb restore exploit discovered by Bin4ry and does the job easily.
The Mountaineering Council of Scotland and Cairngorms National Park Authority oppose the wind farm planned for Allt Duine in the Monadhliath Mountains
A public inquiry examining plans for a 31-turbine wind farm close to the boundary of the Cairngorms National Park has started in Aviemore.
RWE Npower Renewables has proposed the development for the site at Allt Duine in the Monadhliath Mountains.
Kincraig Community Council has backed the project saying it would help Badenoch and Strathspey be self sufficient in terms of electricity.
The Mountaineering Council of Scotland and other groups oppose the plan.
RWE Npower Renewables had proposed 34 turbines, but reduced the size of the scheme following public consultation.
The turbines will have a maximum height to blade tip of 125m (410ft). At three locations the developer said the height would be restricted to 110m (360ft) to avoid turbines from being seen at viewpoints within the Strathspey area.
'Unspoilt landscape'
In January, Highland Council's south planning applications committee voted nine to three to oppose the project.
Councillors took the UK's highest railway journey to help them assess the potential visual impact of the Allt Duine scheme.
They travelled on the Cairngorms funicular railway which climbs to 1,097m (3,599ft).
The railway's highest point is just below the summit of CairnGorm Mountain.
The Scottish government, which has the final say on the development, had consulted Highland Council. The local authority's decision to oppose the project resulted in government holding the public inquiry.
Before the start of the inquiry, Kincraig Community Council told BBC Radio Scotland it was supporting the wind farm.
Spokesman John Anderson said the community council had waited until it had all the facts before voting on it.
Mr Anderson said the wind farm would help to tackle climate change, conserve fossil fuels for future generations and allow the area of Badenoch and Strathspey to generate its own electricity and not have to rely on power produced in other people's "back yards".
He added: "The hills that we have are very, very valuable, but at the same time the Scottish government has been trying to get businesses into the Highlands and Islands for years and here we have a company that can come in and harvest the wind in the area."
The Mountaineering Council of Scotland has been campaigning against the development, warning that it would harm an unspoilt landscape.
Chief officer David Gibson said: "We support green energy generation but this scheme involves dumping 15,500 tonnes of concrete and miles of roads in mountain areas of national importance and beauty.
"Wind farms are supposed to have a lifetime of 25 years, we would therefore expect developers to include proposals for site restitution in their plans as evidence of good stewardship of the environment.
"This public inquiry should protect our precious natural environment by putting a stop to this completely inappropriate project."
The Cairngorms National Park Authority has also lodged an objection to the public inquiry. It said some of the turbines would come as close as 900m (2,952ft) from the park's boundary.
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Try to refrain from doing a long session of cardio before you lift weights at the gym. Cardio can serve to tire out your muscles, making you very prone to injury if you are incorporating a heavy lifting regimen into your routine. Separate cardio and strength training days to maximize your results.
Do not forget about consuming carbohydrates when attempting to gain muscle. Although carbs are seen as bad by many people because they can cause you to increase body fat, the truth is that carbs are essential for gaining muscle. Your muscles need glycogen that carbs provide. In order to gain muscle, you should try to eat around three grams of carbohydrates for every pound that you weigh.
Genetics are one of the most important factors in building muscle mass. There is not much you can change about your interior genetics that shape your body, but you can improve the way you look by becoming more tone. Some of us just do not have the bodies that will have large muscles, so accept that and strive for better tone.
When building muscle, many people make the mistake of over training. When you go to the gym, exercise as hard as possible and take short breaks. Do not do your workouts for more than 60 minutes for best results. Go in, workout, and get out to give your muscles time to recover.
When attempting to grow muscle mass, utilize the buddy system method. This involves you and your partner pushing each other in a different manner. One person competes a set, and then he or she passes the dumbbells or bar to the other person. Except for the amount of time that you are waiting on your partner to finish a set, you do not rest.
On the days after your workouts, it?s best to rest and eat a lot of carbohydrates. This helps your body to build muscle and recover from expending energy during the workout. That way, you?ll see the biggest muscle growth possible from the workout you did. Pasta, peanut butter sandwiches, and similar foods are great for this.
Beginners at weight lifting should take one day off in between each day of exercise. This will help to prevent injury, because it gives your muscles a chance to recuperate. In addition, it will keep you from feeling exhausted from your new exercise routines, giving you the best chance at continuing on toward achieving your goals.
When you are trying to build muscle to improve your health and fitness, it is essential to recognize that rest is just as important as the exercise in encouraging muscle growth. Muscles need recovery time to repair damage and build new fibers. Working out too frequently or too aggressively can work against you in the long run.
Change up your workouts. Research has proven that varying your reps, intensity, and exercises are the best combination for increasing muscle mass. Our bodies are very good at adapting to exercises, and they have to be shocked by changing up the exercises in order to achieve the most optimum growth.
When doing a workout it is important to focus on only one exercise per body part when doing a full-body workout. This will help to ensure that you are maximizing your workout and not risking an injury. This will also help you to focus on your breathing and doing the exercises properly.
Patience is the key. You are not going to develop rock hard muscle mass overnight. You are going to have to work long and hard to get the results that you hope for. Do not allow yourself to become discouraged if you are not seeing the results you hoped for. Keep your goals reasonable and safe.
You should monitor your intake of carbohydrates. If your diet is too poor in carbs, your muscles will be used to fuel your body while you exercise. You should be eating between two and three grams of carbs for each pound of your weight every day. Make sure you are getting your carbs from healthy aliments.
You may have already encountered the exercise technique called ?21s? in terms of bicep curls, but you can apply the same strategy to any resistance training exercise. To do a 21, you need to complete seven partial reps, doing only the bottom half of the exercise. Follow this with seven reps of the top half. Finish off by doing seven full reps of the complete exercise.
Staying properly hydrated is a critical component of muscle growth. It doesn?t matter what your goals are. Consuming an adequate amount of water is essential. You need to try to drink at least half your bodyweight in ounces every single day. For example, a person that weighs 200 pounds needs to consume a minimum of 100 ounces of water. If your urine is clear, you are properly hydrated. If your urine is dark yellow, then you?re probably dehydrated.
Well, there it is! The Cliff?s notes version of the muscle building information from the web. You are now ready to begin a weight training and diet plan that will help you gain the muscle mass you want. Use the information as best you can to start a weekly routine to maximize your results.
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Connor Barth 28 yard field goal?9:48
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Percy Harvin 18 yard TD pass from Christian Ponder (Blair Walsh extra point is GOOD)?9:39![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_ul-bGwo6FYYG21kButjCjP-TGWrI0X3XqWQFAbsV4qs74vn70rmWRt7DFj6LryBA7lYeKd3gdmyDiakrl4UQi7s8DJdAsYawRJ1xgKpXo=s0-d){kind=small}
Public release date: 24-Oct-2012
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